NON-STATE ACTORS IN EDUCATION
2.2 Non-state education provision
3.1 Regulations by distinct levels of education
- Early childhood care and education (Entry/Establishment ○ Financial operation ○ Quality of teaching and learning ○ Equitable access ○ Quality assurance, monitoring and accountability)
- Primary and secondary education (Entry/Establishment ○ Financial operation ○ Quality of teaching and learning ○ Equitable access ○ Quality assurance, monitoring and accountability)
- Tertiary education (Entry/Establishment ○ Financial operation ○ Quality of teaching and learning ○ Equitable access ○ Quality assurance, monitoring and accountability)
3.2 Supplementary private tutoring
The 1975 Regulation No. 1006 states that individuals or organisations can open a national non-state school or -state international/foreign school. It defines non-state education as education provided by any non-governmental establishment that provides general education before the stage of tertiary education. The 2000 Regulation No 212 (Art. 2) defines non-state universities and colleges as non-governmental educational institutions "with legal personality which aim to offer educational and training programmes (above the secondary level). They also intend to contribute to raising the level of education and scientific research as well as the provision of appropriate scientific specializations within the framework of the educational policy of the Kingdom. The 2020 Education Policy also mentions that the state encourages non-state education in all its stages, and it is subject to the supervision of specialised educational authorities, both technically and administratively. The policy also states that the licence to open non-state schools and institutes is only for “specialised educational authorities”, and it is not allowed for non-Saudis.
2.1 State education provision
State schools
In Saudi Arabia, most schools in primary education (ages six to 11) and secondary level (12 to 17 years old) are state schools. In this respect, 6.7 million of students (87%) attended public schools in 2018. Compulsory education lasts nine years from age six to age 14 and covers both education levels. State education is free and available to citizens who enrol in state educational institutions at all stages. The Ministry of Education regulates state education by providing an appropriate educational environment, facilities, textbooks, and means of free transportation for all state schools. State education is evaluated and regulated by the Public Education Evaluation Authority according to the 2013 Resolution No. 12. For general education, the Ministry of Education funds the state-school system and oversees state schools through departments of education, directorates, and education offices in different regions under the 2020 Law No. 8960.
Non-state managed, state schools
No information was found.
Non-state funded, state schools
No information was found on whether parents had to pay ancillary fees in public schools.
2.2 Non-state education provision
Independent, non-state schools
In 2018, non-state independent schools accounted for 14% of all schools in the kingdom and reached 13% of all students. The overall breakdown of non-state schools constitutes 3,961 “day schools,” 1,940 of which are international/foreign schools. In addition, there are 134 night schools, 166 Qur’anic memorisation schools, and 26 kabirat (schools for adult women).
Several charity schools and religious schools (koranic schools) exist; however, no official regulations or sources were found on these types of schools, in part because the vast majority of schools incorporate religious education into the curriculum. The dominant religion-specific schools that exist are tahfidh schools for Qur’anic memorization.
In parallel, the Ministry of Education licences and supervises foreign schools and their branches, similar to national non-state schools. These schools are supervised by the General Department of foreign and international schools belonging to the Private Education Department. Regulation of these institutes follows the Ministry of Education under the 1997 Cabinet Resolution No. 26 issued regarding foreign/international schools, similar to the regulations on national non-state schools. In this respect, international/foreign schools are schools established for the communities residing in the Kingdom to provide an appropriate education for their children, in accordance with specific measures/controls to help them continue their education upon their return to their countries (Art. 2). The licensing and supervision of foreign schools and their branches take place through the General Department of Foreign Schools (Art. 3). In addition, the academic level of foreign schools is limited to kindergartens as well as the primary, intermediate and secondary levels, or their equivalent (Art. 7). Most international schools teach the British, American, or International Baccalaureate curricula. According to the research and consultancy firm ISC Research, 262 English-medium schools in the Kingdom as of 2019 enrolled 330,000 students. Additionally, international schools cater to children from various other countries, including France, Germany, India, Japan, Pakistan, and the Philippines.
State-funded (government-aided), non-state schools
No information was found.
Contracted, non-state schools
No information was found.
2.3 Other types of schools
Homeschooling
Homeschooling is a legal form of education allowed under certain conditions for both Saudi and non-Saudi students. However, homeschooling is not allowed at certain education levels, such as for children of primary-school-age or for adults (the former must attend primary schools whereas the latter must attend adult education schools). It is also not permitted in Koranic schools or non-state and international schools at any level of education. Homeschooling is admissible for secondary and high school students who are not older than 16 when they register for the 7th grade and are not older than 19 if they enrol in high school. Students must apply for home education at a regional education office or school after the publication of the results of all students from the previous school year. Saudi students must meet certain conditions to apply for homeschooling. Non-Saudi students must meet additional conditions in the form of the confirmation of residence and an iqama (residency) stamp. It is important to note that students who have exceeded the permissible number of absences at school are automatically directed to home education by their current school.
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Ministerial Resolution No. 79305 aimed to enforce distance education for all stages in both state and non-state institutions. The Ministry of Education has initiated distance education platforms according to the resolution, including the iEN Satellite TV Lessons Channel on YouTube, Unified Education System (vschool.sa), Future Gate Portal (fg.MOE.gov.sa), virtual kindergarten, and the National iEN Gate (Enrichment) platform. The national iEN gate is available for both the private and public sectors, though non-state schools had the freedom to add additional resources to enhance their students’ learning. Both state and non-state institutions must comply with the e-learning standard set by the Ministry for general and higher education, in addition to the 2020 Law No.1/5/41 on the licences to provide e-learning.
Non-state special education institutions
There are several special education schools for blind, deaf, and developmentally disabled students and those needing physical therapy and training. In 2008, almost 96% of students with multiple and severe disabilities, such as those with severe autism, were registered in non-state special education institutions. At the same time, students with mild and moderate cognitive disabilities receive education in an inclusive setting in state schools. These schools are supervised by the Special Education Department following the Ministry of Education but are managed privately. This is per Saudi Arabia’s instituted Rules and Regulations of Special Education Programmes of 2001.
Market contracted (Voucher schools)
No information was found.
Unregistered/Unrecognised schools
No information was found.
According to the 2020 Education Policy and the 1975 Regulation No. 1006, the state is responsible for the supervision of non-state education institutions.
The Ministry of Education regulates all national non-state schools at all education levels, international/foreign schools, and non-state universities and colleges. The Ministry’s Private Education Department regulates all non-state schools across the Kingdom under the 1975 Regulation No. 1003; this includes primary and secondary education in non-state and international schools. In parallel, the Private Education Agency established by the 2014 Resolution No. 361704774 is responsible for establishing an adequate institutional framework for non-state and foreign education. This includes a flexible, transparent, and announced regulatory mechanism for the licensing and quality control of non-state and foreign education service providers in coordination with the General Education Evaluation Committee.
The Ministry of Education oversees all early childhood education under the 2020 Law No. 8960. However, within the Ministry of Education, responsibilities are split depending on whether facilities are publicly or privately managed. The Early Childhood General Department oversees state kindergartens. Nurseries and non-state kindergartens are overseen jointly by the Early Childhood General Administration Department and the Ministry’s Private Education Department. According to the 2020 Resolution No. 511 and the 2018 Law No 135, the general objective of the work of the Early Childhood General Department is based on working to provide specific educational services for children (from the age of 3 to the third grade of primary school). It also follows up on early childhood performance in non-state institutions according to the approved indicators to prepare students for enrollment in primary education.
At the higher education level, the Private Higher Education Agency aims to organise a non-state university education institution system and develop it through participatory visions and goals between the administration and those institutions following the education policy in the Kingdom and international quality standards. The agency also provides a list of rules and administrative and technical procedures for non-state colleges and universities. The establishment of the non-state education agency under the Ministry of Education comes with the orientation in the National Strategy for Privatisation (n.d.) and the recommendations of the Shura Council. The agency has a part in activating the role of the private sector in education, its empowerment and development, and the importance of providing the sector with administrative supervision, large and broad powers, capabilities, and specialised human competencies.
The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance is responsible for overseeing Islam affairs. It supervises the endowments of centres and sets advocacy programmes, assists minorities, and Muslim communities, with providing support to Islamic universities and institutes abroad.
Vision: The 2020 vision of the Ministry of Education and the 2030 Vision focus on empowering the private and non-profit sectors and increasing their participation to improve the financial efficiency of education. Non-state education is considered one of the elements supporting governmental education at all education levels.
3.1 Regulations by distinct levels of education
Non-state institutions mainly provide ECCE. As of 2017, at least 3,270 nurseries existed, with 20.2% of children enrolled in pre-primary education in 2019. Most early childhood education focuses on education within formal settings, especially kindergartens and nurseries. As such, the Saudi early childhood education sector is not as diversified as it is elsewhere.
Registration and approval: For individuals or organisations wishing to open a kindergarten or preschool, they must register with the Ministry of Education through the Early Childhood General Department and the Private Education Agency. The documents that must be provided by the investor are a copy of the national ID, a copy of the academic qualifications, a document proving that he/she is not a governmental employee, and a filled-out form requesting the opening of a new nursery. The documents that must be submitted to receive a new licence as part of the registration process include: 1) a form requesting the opening of a new non-state school, 2) a building viability report confirming that it is structurally sound and suitable for educational purposes, 3) a filled in non-state school licensing record that is approved and signed by the owner and Director of Education, 4) a copy of the municipality’s approval, 5) a copy of the (building’s) safety and security certificate, 6) a copy of the proof of the organisations’ name registration at the social insurance authorities, 7) a copy of the reservation of the trade name, 8) and a report confirming the availability of the necessary equipment from the supervisory authority.
The land area for the establishment of the educational facility must not be less than 600 square meters for nurseries and 900 square meters for kindergartens. In addition, all buildings must comply with the Saudi Building Code, the requirements of the Ministry of Education, and the Tatweer Buildings company. The school in question must also meet the material- and equipment-specific standards stipulated by the Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organisation as well as the construction and quality control stipulations of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs to meet the qualification and accreditation requirements.
Licence: Licences for opening non-state ECC institutions are granted only to Saudi citizens and established organisations. Those wishing to apply must go through an e-service provided by the Ministry of Human Resource and Social Development, which is linked to the General Administration of Licensing and Quality. No further information was found on the duration of the licences.
Profit-making: Non-state kindergartens have the option to register as profit or non-profit, provided that they follow the regulations and requirements set by the Ministry of Education according to the 2018 Regulation No. 135776.
Taxes and subsidies: No information was found.
Quality of teaching and learning
Curriculum and education standards: Saudi Arabia has an early childhood education curriculum. This curriculum is based on self-learning, or learning through play, and was developed in partnership with the Arab Gulf Development Programme and UNESCO. In 2015, the Ministry of Education commissioned the development of Saudi Early Learning Standards (SELS) to further focus on and increase guidance regarding the improvement of learning outcomes. The absence of a uniform set of standards has meant that many non-state kindergartens in particular use different procedures, resources, and curricula than state kindergartens.
Recently, the Early Childhood General Department has launched the virtual kindergarten, an application on smartphones that contains educational modules aligned with the Saudi curriculum to provide education to the most significant number of children remotely.
Teaching profession: According to the 2020 ECE guide provided by the Early Childhood General Administration department, ECCE teachers must hold a bachelor's degree in early childhood education. This requirement, however, is flexible depending upon the context of the kindergarten. In some non-state institutions and rural areas, kindergarten teachers need only a bachelor's degree in any subject. No additional information was found regarding teacher accreditation and working conditions in non-state institutions.
Fee-setting: Non-state kindergartens and preschools need to apply for approval of their fees before they are allowed to operate under the 2013 Regulation No 34464011.
Admission selection and processes: No information was found.
Policies for vulnerable groups: The Maaeen Grant is offered by the Ministry of Education for special education schools and non-state special education programmes in kindergarten, following specific standards and requirements.
Quality assurance, monitoring and accountability
Reporting requirements: No information was found.
Inspection: Non-state kindergartens and nurseries are inspected by supervisors in the early childhood department and by the General Administration of Licensing and Quality. The main areas of inspection are not clearly outlined.
Child assessment: No information was found.
Sanctions: If non-state kindergartens do not meet the minimum quality assurance requirement set by the Ministry’s Private Education Department, they are subject to penalties and closure.
Registration and approval: Individuals or organisations wishing to open a national non-state school or non-state international/foreign school must register with the Private Education Department; they are then directed to the General Administration of Licensing and Quality. They must provide the necessary required documents (not listed) and meet all the criteria set in the 1975 Regulation No. 1006 (Art. 5).
The land area for the establishment of the educational facility must not be less than 2,000 square meters for primary and middle school students and 3,000 square meters for secondary schools. In addition, all buildings must comply with the Saudi Building Code, the requirements of the Ministry of Education, and the Tatweer Buildings company. In addition, the school in question must also meet the material- and equipment-specific standards stipulated by the Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organisation as well as the construction and quality control stipulations of the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs to meet the qualification and accreditation requirements.
Licence: A licence for opening non-state schools is granted only to Saudi citizens that meet the criteria set in the 1975 Regulation No. 1006. It is not permissible to open any non-state educational institutes, transfer their properties, or change their location or stage of education except after obtaining a licence issued by the General Administration of Licensing and Quality under the Private Education Department. No information was found regarding the duration of the final licence and renewed licence.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): According to Decree No. 339 of 4/6/1433 AH (n.d) issued by the Council of Ministers, a general department for school health, security, and safety in the Ministry and education departments in the regions and governorates must be created. These departments are responsible for providing reports to the Ministry of Education on the school community's health and the school environment in non-state and state schools.
Profit-making: No information was found.
Taxes and subsidies: No information was found.
Quality of teaching and learning
Curriculum and education standards: Non-state schools must follow the education standards set by the education policy. They are to follow the national curriculum and teach in Arabic except for international non-state schools or institutes established by foreign countries or institutions that have an agreement with the Government (Regulation No. 1006, 1975, Art. 14). These schools must also comply with various stipulations, such as establishing single-sex institutions.
Textbooks and learning materials: The Ministry of Education provides textbooks and learning material for national non-state schools, which are similar to state schools’ curricula and materials. Some non-state schools could be given permission to distribute supplementary materials, as long as they achieve an educational objective.
Teaching profession: Teachers wishing to work in national non-state schools must fulfil the requirements set out in the 1975 Law No. 1006 (Art. 9-10), in addition to at least meeting the same requirements required of their counterparts at state schools. According to Vision 2030, all teachers must hold a bachelor's degree in their respected teaching field, meet the new teacher standards and professional pathways, complete the new post-graduate initial teacher preparation (ITP) programme, and pass a licensing exam before being certified to teach in general education schools. No additional information was found regarding the accreditation of teachers.
Finally, the country adopted a Labour Law which covers all employees in both the public and private sectors.
Corporal punishment: While there is no criminal legislation outlawing corporal punishment in schools, the Ministry of Education reportedly issues regular circulars prohibiting the beating or ill-treatment of school children during all stages of general education and prescribing penalties designed to deter teachers from committing such acts.
Other safety measures and COVID-19: No information was found.
Fee-setting: The Ministry of Education regulates non-state school tuition fees based on the 2011 Decision No. 237; each non-state school needs to apply for approval for their tuition fees before operating. The Ministry of Education has an e-service that enables parents to file complaints against unjustified additional fees imposed by non-state and foreign schools.
Admission selection and processes: For students to register in a non-state education institution, they have to apply through the Ministry of Education's Noor platform. However, in both state and non-state schools, only 15% of non-Saudi children (except the children of Saudi women and non-Saudi fathers, Gulf Cooperation Council citizens, displaced tribe members, Yemeni individuals, and diplomats) can be accepted in the three stages of education, as stipulated by the Cabinet Resolution No. 65 of 5/3/1409 AH. This is to take place after Saudi students complete their registration, with the remaining vacant seats allocated to non-Saudis based on a priority basis: (1) children formerly in governmental schools who were born in the Kingdom, (2) new students transferring from the state sector, and (3) the children of employees in the private sector.
Policies for vulnerable groups: The Maaeen Grant is offered by the Ministry of Education for special education schools and non-state special education programmes at the primary and secondary levels, following specific standards and requirements.
Quality assurance, monitoring and accountability
School board: Each school must have appointed a principal who is responsible for the administrative and technical aspects of the school and a sufficient number of staff members must be employed in accordance with what is stipulated by the supervisory body. The owner of the school can also manage the school if he/she is Saudi (or from the Gulf Cooperation Council), not younger than 25 years of age, is academically qualified to teach at the educational institution in question, has not been fired in a previous governmental position or from a non-state school and has a good reputation (Regulation No. 1006, 1975, Art. 8). No regulations obliging non-state institutions to operate school boards or councils have been found.
Reporting requirements: No information was found.
School inspection: Inspections are carried out by the quality assurance committee reporting to the Department of Licensing and Quality. Schools must meet specific criteria to avoid any sanctions or penalties. If the school fails to meet its goals or if its financial resources decrease to the extent that it cannot meet its requirements or if the education level of the students has decreased lower than what is required, the supervisory body can decide to cancel the licence as a warning, before subsequently implementing it at the start of the following academic year unless the school’s condition improves (Regulation No. 1006, 1975, Art. 19). In the case of improvement, a decision will be issued to revoke the previous cancellation. Non-state schools are subject to the supervision of the Ministry of Education and are inspected based on overall health, administrative, social, and financial aspects (Art. 4). In addition, they are obligated to implement the instructions of the Ministry.
Student assessment: The Examinations and Admissions Department is responsible for developing systems and procedures for academic achievement tests and acceptance of male/female students to be used in national non-state schools. The Private Education Department has the right to decide to accept the results of the internal non-state school examinations for each academic year (Regulation No. 1006, 1975, Art. 16).
Diplomas and degrees: No information was found.
Sanctions: If non-state schools do not meet the minimum quality assurance requirement set by the law and the Department of Licensing and Quality, they are subject to penalties and closure (Regulation No. 1006, 1975, Art. 19).
There are currently 11 non-state universities and 22 specialised non-state colleges. The Ministry of Education regulates non-state tertiary education under the 2019 Regulation No. 183. Universities must consist of: colleges, deanships, scientific departments, institutes, centres, sub-university educational units, and university hospitals.
Registration and approval: In order to establish a non-state university, the Executive Rules and Administrative and Technical Procedures for Private Colleges (Art. 2(b)) states that a company must first be established. The company’s contract must then meet a number of requirements, including that it must be a joint liability or limited liability company, new shareholders cannot join the company without the approval of the Ministry of Higher Education, and each partner’s share’s worth must be determined, among other requirements. Upon meeting such requirements, Article 3 lists additional conditions that the company must meet to establish the non-state university itself, including submitting (1) an economic feasibility study, (2) the founders’ names and CVs, (3) the name, headquarters, and branches of the university (if applicable), (4) the mission and vision of the university, and (5) (a) a form including the financial and human resources in the university, (b) the capital allocated to the university, (c) academic departments, certifications, degrees, and research units, and (d) the intended start date of the academic year.
To receive a general accreditation licence to establish a university, several other documents must also be submitted, including a copy of the initial licence, the names of the proposed dean and board of trustees’ candidates, the land deed proving ownership, a building permit, and other general accreditation requirements concerning the buildings and facilities and the academic/organisational structure of the university.
The building requirements for the infrastructure include that 40 square meters must be allocated per university student, and classrooms must accommodate a maximum of 25-35 students, based on the specialisation. In addition, each college building must have at least one amphitheatre that can accommodate at least 200 students, and language labs, scientific labs, computer labs, and workshop spaces must meet specific size requirements. It should also have additional facilities that must be able to accommodate a certain number of students, including a health clinic/unit, sports fields, restaurants, mosques (accommodating at least 8% of the number of registered students), and audiovisual halls.
Licence: Non-state higher education institutes must obtain licensing from the Department of Licensing and Quality at the non-state education agency. The licensing is split into three stages: stage one is the initial licence to establish a college or university. An application is submitted in the minister's name, signed by the founder and with the required documents attached. After obtaining the initial licence, the founder provides within a maximum period of two years the criteria proving that the (abovementioned) general accreditation standards for non-state universities have begun being adopted and that they are fully in place within a maximum of four years. Otherwise, the general accreditation and the initial licence shall be revoked to be permanently null. To obtain the final licence, an application is submitted in the name of the Minister of Education. In accordance with the Executive Rules and Administrative and Technical Procedures for Private Colleges (Art. 6), to obtain the special accreditation licence, a copy of the initial licence and accreditation licence must be submitted in the name of the Minister of Higher Education, while also fulfilling additional requirements pertaining to the library, educational tools and equipment, reports and files, and other areas of interest. Individuals or organisations wishing to open a non-state higher education institution must follow the abovementioned regulations provided by the Private Higher Education Agency and register through their e-service.
Profit-making: The Statute on Private University Education (Art. 30) stipulates the non-state institution or company shall ensure that it can financially sustain the establishment and operation of the university while adhering to the academic standards established by the Ministry of Education. Additionally, Article 31 states that the university shall have an independent budget and that it shall maintain regular financial accounts and records in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and standards.
Taxes and subsidies: No information was found.
Quality of teaching and learning
Curriculum and education standards: No information was found.
Teaching profession: Non-state higher education teaching professionals must meet similar standards to teaching professionals in state higher education institutes according to the 2019 Regulation No. 183. Faculty members must be holders of a doctorate or its equivalent from accredited universities, and in a scientific discipline that qualifies the individual for the position. The percentage of lecturers and teaching assistants should not exceed 20% in each scientific department in relation to the total number of faculty members, except for the full-time lecturers and teaching assistants who are completing their higher studies. In addition, the University Council is responsible for appointing faculty members (Art. 17). Furthermore, any (non-state) university must adhere to the scientific standards that are accepted in relation to its educational/technical programmes and the level of qualifications of its faculty and other staff (Art. 9). No information was found on teachers' salaries or the exact qualifications required of faculty members.
Fee-setting: The Private Higher Education Agency regulates non-state universities and colleges tuition fees. Non-state universities/colleges need to apply for approval of their tuition fees before operating. According to the 2019 Regulation No. 183, the university council approves tuitions fees for non-state institutions.
Admission selection and processes: No information was found.
Quality assurance, monitoring and accountability
Board: Each college/university shall have a council headed by the university/college dean responsible for managing and reporting to the Ministry and HEC (Regulation No. 183, 2019).
Reporting requirements: Non-state universities must meet the 2015 Standards for Quality Assurance and Accreditation of Higher Education Institutions. The handbook outlines a number of internal quality assurance processes in addition to discussing “an institution’s quality centre, processes of planning, evaluation and internal reporting on educational programmes, and self-study and improvement of institutional activities”. The eleven standards that are stipulated are “mission goals and objectives,” “programme administration,” “management of programme quality assurance,” “learning and teaching,” “student administration and support services,” “learning resources,” “facilities and equipment,” “financial planning and management,” “employment processes,” “research,” and “relationships with the community.”
Inspection: The Executive Rules and Administrative and Technical Procedures for Private Colleges (Art. 14) stipulates that higher education institution is periodically evaluated by specialised committees in the Ministry to determine the extent to which it meets the general accreditation and special accreditation criteria, whereby the committees must submit their report to the General Licensing and Accreditation Committee.
Non-state higher education establishments are supervised by the HEC and the Private Higher Education Agency under the 2019 Regulation No. 183.
Student assessment: Study and examination regulations in state universities and colleges also apply to non-state universities and colleges, as stipulated in the Private University Statute. A university is subject to the Ministry of Education’s supervision when implementing these regulations, particularly needing the approval of its university system, study plans, scientific programmes, and the certificates and degrees it awards (Art. 28).
Diplomas and degrees: After completing a degree or diploma at a non-state higher education institution, students must apply to authenticate their certificates and academic records through the Ministry of Education.
Sanctions: When the university/college violates the regulations or the executive and procedural rules of the non-state higher education bylaw or submits false data and information, it will receive a written warning to redress the violation within a time specified in the warning. If the violation continues after the period specified in the warning, one of the following measures shall be taken. These include suspension of admission in one or more majors for one or more academic years. Other measures include suspension of the admission of students to the college for one or more academic years. Alternatively, the college may be closed and its licence revoked.
3.2 Supplementary private tutoring
Private tutoring is banned, although it is widespread among secondary level students and the ban does not appear to be clearly enforced. During the COVID-19 pandemic, private home tutoring has been further discouraged due to its potential to spread the virus. While English private tutoring is one of the most common forms of tutoring across all levels, the prevalence of private tuition across all education levels was not found.
According to the Ministry of Labor’s official representatives, private tutoring is not recognised as a career or activity, thereby being considered illegal. However, if a private tutor has a valid residence permit and is working for his/her sponsor, this is not considered to be a violation of labour laws.
Financial operation and quality
No information was found.
No information was found.
This profile has been drafted by the Al Qasimi Foundation to support the PEER evidence base for the 2021/2 GEM Report on non-state actors in education.
